Andi Cahyadi, et al.
Human naturally have the ability to adapt with the environment, 85% are utilizing eye's role as the sense of sight. Eye as a sense of sight requires light. Light entering the eye to create something in the vicinity of humans have shapes, sizes, colors and can be interpreted.
Figure 1. Pieces Schematic Human Eye (Anonymous, 2003)
Eyesight function works when there is light reflected objects into the eye through the fissures interpalpebralis, through the cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, behind the chamber, through the lens and body of the glass, then accepted the retina through the optic nerve, the brain eventually perceived as a sensation vision (Soewono, 2003). The workings of the human eye can be seen in Figure 1. The brain can perceive light is electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 380 nm to 760 nm.
The retina is part of the eye is most sensitive to light. This section contains stem cells (rods) and cones (cones) which is a visual receptors (Ganong, 1999). Rods are very sensitive to light, the maximum working at a wavelength of 507 nm and is a receptor for night vision (eyesight skotopik). Cones is a system that plays a role in vision in bright light (eyesight skotopik) and color vision, sensitivity reaches maximum at a wavelength of 555 nm (Calvert, 2000). The relationship between the wavelength of the sensitivity of the eyes can be seen in Figure 2. Peak sensitivity is useful to select the appropriate light source for daily activities.
Figure 2. Wavelength relationship with Eye Sensitivity (Anonymous, 2003)
The eyes have a refractive power (ability bias the shadow) of the incoming light and transforms it to focus the object image on the retina with a mechanism called accommodation. The closest point where the maximum accommodation refracted called punctum proximum (PP). Meanwhile, the farthest point that can be refracted in the retina called the punctum remotum (PR).
In normal people, the PR value is infinite. PR showed that the eyes see without accomodation in a resting state, where the light is refracted parallel to the line of sight in the retina. PR and PP are used to determine the distance of an ideal read for humans (Yogiantoro, 2003). Measurement results show that the distance reading perimeter ideal for humans is about 33 cm (White, 1992). This distance is determined using standard lighting, which is sunlight.
Man and Light
The process of human adaptation to the environment by 85% utilizing the eye as a sense of vision. Eye function when there is light reflected objects into the eye. Not all colors of light reflected objects because there are some specific colors that absorbed objects. The reflected light is considered as the color of objects. In the absence of light, something that is around humans do not have the shape, size, color and can not be perceived as an object.
Light reflected objects into the eye through the fissures interpalpebralis, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor and retina accepted. The amount of light entering the human eye is governed by the pupil. Pupils dilated and narrowed according to the amount of light available. Keep in mind that the ability to change the pupil diameter is limited, so be aware of the use of light as a source of lighting. Light that is too big or too small to force the pupil overworked muscles. Fatigue in repeated muscle fatigue pupil eyepiece which controls accommodation. If this continues to cause eyestrain and eventually lead to general fatigue.
The human eye has receptors for vision dark rod (scotopic) and cone receptors to visual light (fotopic). Dark vision addressed if there is a little light, bright vision while working when the amount of light a lot. Bright color vision or vision basically consists of three basic colors, namely red (580 nm), green (540) and blue (450 nm). The most sensitive human eye receives light with a wavelength of 555 nm which is close to the color yellow. Thus, the selection of the light source should have the spectrum at these wavelengths, in addition to necessary source of light with a color spectrum of light near the sun.
The process of human adaptation to the environment by 85% utilizing the eye as a sense of vision. Eye function when there is light reflected objects into the eye. Not all colors of light reflected objects because there are some specific colors that absorbed objects. The reflected light is considered as the color of objects. In the absence of light, something that is around humans do not have the shape, size, color and can not be perceived as an object.
Light reflected objects into the eye through the fissures interpalpebralis, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor and retina accepted. The amount of light entering the human eye is governed by the pupil. Pupils dilated and narrowed according to the amount of light available. Keep in mind that the ability to change the pupil diameter is limited, so be aware of the use of light as a source of lighting. Light that is too big or too small to force the pupil overworked muscles. Fatigue in repeated muscle fatigue pupil eyepiece which controls accommodation. If this continues to cause eyestrain and eventually lead to general fatigue.
The human eye has receptors for vision dark rod (scotopic) and cone receptors to visual light (fotopic). Dark vision addressed if there is a little light, bright vision while working when the amount of light a lot. Bright color vision or vision basically consists of three basic colors, namely red (580 nm), green (540) and blue (450 nm). The most sensitive human eye receives light with a wavelength of 555 nm which is close to the color yellow. Thus, the selection of the light source should have the spectrum at these wavelengths, in addition to necessary source of light with a color spectrum of light near the sun.
Light and Healthy Eyes
The eyes are so important to life in general and for work in particular. For that, the eye needs to be protected, improved health and more than that maintained tau kondisis created conditions that guarantee their health. The most important function of the eye includes visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color perception. Sharpness of vision, namely the ability to distinguish the small details, both to the object, or surface. Visual acuity in accordance with optical capability and depends also on the level of illumination and vision needs. Sensitivity to contrast, ie the ability of the perception of minimal differences in luminance. Color perception is an impression of color is determined by the types of light waves
To fulfill these three functions, the ability of adjustment to the function needs to be in a state in accordance with the purposes. This adjustment capability is the accommodation, the width size of the pupil and retinal adaptation. Accommodation, namely the ability of the eye to focus on objects at a certain distance from the closest point to the farthest point. Age and illuminant level affect the person's accommodation capacity. The width of his little pupil, depending on the intensity and nature of radiation, the distance of the object, emotional state and level of health and the influence of chemicals. Adaptation of the retina, namely on the basis of retinal sensitivity changes of lighting or illumination changes. Known terms dark adaptation, light adaptation and adaptation of some (partial) (Suma'mur, 1989).
The eyes are so important to life in general and for work in particular. For that, the eye needs to be protected, improved health and more than that maintained tau kondisis created conditions that guarantee their health. The most important function of the eye includes visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color perception. Sharpness of vision, namely the ability to distinguish the small details, both to the object, or surface. Visual acuity in accordance with optical capability and depends also on the level of illumination and vision needs. Sensitivity to contrast, ie the ability of the perception of minimal differences in luminance. Color perception is an impression of color is determined by the types of light waves
To fulfill these three functions, the ability of adjustment to the function needs to be in a state in accordance with the purposes. This adjustment capability is the accommodation, the width size of the pupil and retinal adaptation. Accommodation, namely the ability of the eye to focus on objects at a certain distance from the closest point to the farthest point. Age and illuminant level affect the person's accommodation capacity. The width of his little pupil, depending on the intensity and nature of radiation, the distance of the object, emotional state and level of health and the influence of chemicals. Adaptation of the retina, namely on the basis of retinal sensitivity changes of lighting or illumination changes. Known terms dark adaptation, light adaptation and adaptation of some (partial) (Suma'mur, 1989).
Protection function of the eye include the following aspects: maintaining eye health function and prevent injury to the eyes and adjust the room lighting in accordance with the level of need. Regarding the lighting, to note the intensity of illumination, whether or not the average local lighting, settle whether illumination source of lighting as a cause glare.
The light is too little or too much can cause various problems. The human eye has a pupil which controls the amount of light entering. Pupil can dilate and constrict in accordance with the amount of light available. But keep in mind that the ability to change the pupil diameter is finite, so we must be careful in the use of lighting. Lighting that is too big or too small will force the muscles to contract the pupil. If this continues can cause eye fatigue and eye health eventually be dropped. Fatigue in repeated muscle fatigue pupil eyepiece that serves arrange accommodation because they have thickened and thinned.
Allphin, W. 1970. Lighting ‘in’ Encyclopedia International E-1. New York: Grolier. Pp. 564-567
Anonimus. 2003. Color Vision. www.photo.net. Browsing 10 Agustus 2003, 20.00 WIB.
Calvert, J.B. 2000. Vision and Colour. www.optic-colour.com. browsing 10 Agustus 2003, 20.00 WIB
Chaty, H. 2001. Helpful Advise to Builder Constractor. California: Program Advisory Committee Meeting.
Chen B., MacLeod D.I. and Stockman A. 1987. Improvement in Human Vision under Bright Light: Grain or Gain? J. Physiol. Vol. 394, Issue 1 41-66.
EPAGLP. 1995. Lighting Fundamental. Nollensville: US EPA office of Air and Radiation.
Fortuin, G.J. 1983. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Third (revised) Edition. Editor Parmeggiani L., Volume 2. Genewa.. pp. 1222-1231
Goodrich, Janet. 1987. Natural Vision Improvement. London: David & Carlos Newton Abbot. Pp. 1-9, 40, 78-87, 137-150.
Grandjean, E. 1980. Fitting the Task to the Man. An Ergonomic Approach. London: Taylor and Francise.
Horton E and Smart F.,1988. The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of Family Health. Doctor’s Answer. Volume 10. London: Marshall Cavendish.. pp. 1036-1038.
Huer, H.H. 1983. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Third (revised) Edition. Editor Parmeggiani L., Volume 2. Genewa.. pp. 1222-1231
LER. 2003. Lighting upgrade Manual. Nollensvile. Decorating Studio.com. Browsing 10 Agustus 2003, 20.00 WIB.
Robert,M.E. 2001. Tetap Terang Meski Listrik Mahal. Intisari Online. Edisi Oktober 2001. browsing 10 Agustus 2003, 20.00 WIB
Scheire and Albert. 1976. Texbook of Ophthalmology. Ninth Edition with 565 illustrated and 38 Colour Plates. Asian Edition. Tokyo: Igaku Shoin LTD. pp 117-129
Soewono, W. 2003. Kuliah Ilmi Penyakit Mata. Surabaya: Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit Mata FK Unair. Hal. 9-14
White OW., 1992. Optik & Refraksi ‘in’ Oftalmologi Umum. Jilid II. Edisi Kesebelas. Editor: Daniel Vaughan dan Taylor Asbury. Alih Bahasa: Waliban dan Bondan Hariono. Jakarta: Widya Medika.. hal. 130-149, 183-186.
Wibisono, Susanto. 2001. Penggunaan Electronic Ballast untuk Lampu Fluorescent. http://alds.stts.edu/Analog/Ballast.htm browsing 10 Agustus 2003, jam 20.00 WIB
Yogiantoro, D. 2003. Diktat Kuliah Ilmu Penyakit Mata. Surabaya: Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit Mata. Hal 2-15
